Notes

1. The Silmarillion, p. 287. "Men he found the easiest to sway of all the peoples of the Earth; but long he sought to persuade the Elves to his service, for he knew that the Firstborn had the greater power; and he went far and wide among them, and his hue was still that of one both fair and wise."
2. Unfinished Tales, p. 254. "...The note goes on to say that Galadriel was not deceived, saying that this Aulendil was not in the train of Aule in Valinor...." This and all subsequent references to Galadriel and Celeborn make use of the essay "Concerning Galadriel and Celeborn", provided in Unfinished Tales, which most closely fits with the events detailed in Tolkien's other writings. However, this narrative stipulates that Amroth was their son, an idea Tolkien later abandoned, which decision is accepted by and incorporated into this work.
3. Ibid., pp. 199-200. "A new shadow rises in the East...." The letter Gil-galad wrote to Tar-Meneldil was composed in SA 882. Since Tolkien elsewhere states that Sauron began stirring again around SA 500, it may be that Gil-galad was aware of some growing evil well before the end of the 9th Century.
4. Ibid., p. 238. "...At last the attackers broke into Eregion with ruin and devastation, and captured the chief object of Sauron's assault...Then Celebrimbor was put to torment...Concerning the Three Rings Sauron could learn nothing from Celebrimbor; and he had him put to death."

   Although other parts of this history conflict with some of the sources, this much agrees with "Of The Rings Of Power And The Third Age" in The Silmarillion (p. 288), which implies that Celebrimbor died there.

5. The Return Of The King, p. 364. "The Tale Of Years" states only that the Numenoreans began making permanent havens around the year SA 1800. Unfinished Tales reveals something of Lond Daer (Vinyalonde) in the sections concerning Numenor and the History of Galadriel and Celeborn. Umbar and Pelargir are attested in various sources, and other, unnamed havens are said to have been built far to the south and east.
6. The Silmarillion, p. 267. "Yet Sauron was ever guileful, and it is said that three were great lords of Numenorean race." Since Sauron did not visit Numenor prior to his "imprisonment" there, he would have had to seduce the three Numenoreans in Middle-earth. It is interesting that he was able to do this relatively soon after the War of the Elves and Sauron. Perhaps they were already quite old for their race when they accepted the Rings.

   Unfinished Tales (p. 221) indicates that the Shadow first fell on Numenor in the days of Tar-Atanamir, but his father Tar-Ciryatan was the first "willful" king, and his entry in "The Line Of Elros" suggests the Shadow may have fallen on Numenor in his time. So, it may be that the Numenoreans were becoming uncomfortable with their mortality by the time of the War of the Elves and Sauron, and so three aging Numenorean lords could be easily seduced by Sauron.

7. The Silmarillion., pp. 269-70. "...For Pharazon son of Gimilkhad...had fared often abroad, as a leader in the wars that the Numenoreans made then in the coastlands of Middle-earth...For he had learned in Middle-earth of the strength of the realm of Sauron, and of his hatred of Westernesse. And now there came to him the masters of ships and captains returning out of the East, and they reported that Sauron was putting forth his might, since Ar-Pharazon had gone back from Middle-earth, and he was pressing down upon the cities by the coasts...."
8. Ibid., p. 290. "...There [Sauron] found that the power of Gil-galad had grown great in the years of his absence, and it was spread now over wide regions of the north and west, and had passed beyond the Misty Mountains and the Great River even to the borders of Greenwood the Great, and was drawing nigh to the strong places where once he had dwelt secure."
9. Unfinished Tales, p. 264. "...Later [the Glanduin], with the Gwathlo formed by its confluence with the Mitheithel, formed the southern boundary of the North Kingdom."
10. The Silmarillion says that Elendil's "people dwelt in many places in Eriador about the courses of the Lhun and the Baranduin; but his chief city was at Annuminas beside the water of Lake Nenuial. At Fornost upon the North Downs also the Numenoreans dwelt, and in Cardolan, and in the hills of Rhudaur..." (pp. 290-1).
11. Unfinished Tales, p. 264. "...Before the decay of the North Kingdom...both kingdoms shared an interest in [Enedwaith], and together built and maintained the Bridge of Tharbad and the long causeways that carried the road to it on either side of the Gwathlo and Mitheithel across the fens in the plains of Minhiriath and Enedwaith...."
12. The Return Of The King, pp. 407-8. "...Alien, too, or only remotely akin, was the language of the Dunlendings. These were a remnant of the peoples that had dwelt in the vales of the White Mountains in ages past. The Dead Men of Dunharrow were of their kin. But in the Dark Years others had removed to the southern dales of the Misty Mountains; and thence some had passed into the empty lands as far north as the Barrow-downs. From them came the Men of Bree...."
13. Ibid., p. 321. "These [Lossoth] are a strange, unfriendly people, remnant of the Forodwaith." Where the Forodwaith actually dwelt at the end of the Second Age is a matter of speculation, as Tolkien really tells us nothing of their history. Cf. note 14 below.
14. The War Of The Jewels, pp. 60-1. "It was after thought that the people of Ulfang were already secretly in the service of Morgoth ere they came to Beleriand. Not so the people of Bor, who were worthy folk and tillers of the earth. Of them, it is said, came the most ancient of the Men that dwelt in the north of Eriador in the Second Age and [? read in] after-days."

    The connection between the Folk of Bor (and Ulfang) and the northernmost men of Eriador in the Second Age implies that the Lossoth (and, hence, the Forodwaith, of whom the Lossoth were a "remnant") were in fact the descendants of these clans.

    1. The Return Of The King, p. 317. "...Elendil was the High King and dwelt in the North at Annuminas; and the rule in the South was committed to his sons, Isildur and Anarion. They founded there Osgiliath, between Minas Ithil and Minas Anor, not far from the confines of Mordor. For this good at least they believed had come out of ruin, that Sauron also had perished."
    2. The Silmarillion, p. 291. "...The chief city of this southern realm was Osgiliath, through the midst of which the Great River flowed...." In fact, the narrative makes no such connection. But why would Isildur and Anarion build their cities north of Pelargir and Emyn Arnen? That the narrative makes mention of Herumor and Fuinur implies that they were significant in some way to the historians of Gondor.
    3. Ibid., p. 291. "...and to the westward Minas Anor...as a shield against the wild men of the dales...."

       Tolkien says very little about the constituent "tribes" of this race. The group who broke their vow to Isildur swore their oath at Erech but haunted Dunharrow on the northern side of the mountains. There probably was another tribe in what became Lamedon, one dwelling in the upper vales by the source of the Lefnui, another dwelling near the Adorn, another to the north of the Isen, and another tribe dwelling in Calenardhon itself. Obviously other groups lived north of that region as far as Bree.